Gumilyov Journal of Sociology (hereinafter «the Journal») is a peer-reviewed scholarly journal dedicated to publishing original, high-quality, rigorously selected research articles in sociology. The Journal covers a broad range of topics and areas within sociology, publishing articles that address both fundamental theoretical and methodological questions and empirical research findings across diverse sociological fields. The Journal welcomes contributions from various theoretical and methodological paradigms, aiming to represent the diversity of contemporary sociological research. The Journal has been published since 1995. It is registered with the Ministry of Culture and Information of the Republic of Kazakhstan. Certificate of re-registration No. KZ81VPY00114486 dated March 11, 2025. The Journal is indexed by the International Standard Serial Number Center, with ISSN (Print) 3080-1702, ISSN (Online) 3104-4638. The Journal is published quarterly, four times per year.
COMMUNICATION IN THE HYPERMODERN ERA: A SOCIOLOGICAL DECONSTRUCTION OF THE MEDIA SPACE AND INTERGENERATIONAL DIVIDES IN THE TURKIC WORLD
In this study, the transformation of communication processes in Kazakhstan as part of the broader Turkic world under the condition of digitalization is explored. The study uses the concept of “local sociology” and the “Istanbul school” to challenge universalist Western models and focus on the importance of historical and cultural specificity when analyzing non-Western societies. The study uses a qualitative approach based on a secondary analysis of extensive empirical data, including a national survey by the Kazakhstan Institute for Strategic Studies, media mapping reports, and linguistic studies (2023-2025). The methodology used combines comparative analysis, discourse analysis of AI regulation, and the CPM to examine intergenerational communication. The study identified the emergence of a new type of media system characterized by the coexistence of institutional trust in traditional media and the growing role of digital media. The concept of “media archipelago” was developed to describe the fragmented but structured nature of the media system, which is formed by socio-demographic factors like age, education level, and location of residence. The study also identified the importance of digital sovereignty policies, including AI regulation, for shaping the communication environment and protecting individual autonomy. Besides that, there is an identification of intergenerational communication gaps that are associated with digital competencies and communication patterns. Linguistic dynamics show the growing salience of the Kazakh language for social mobility and digital identity building. The study contributes to communication sociology with its non-Western perspective on digital transformation, its conceptualization of hybrid models of media trust, and its incorporation of digital sovereignty into communication analysis. The research has practical implications for media policy, digital literacy campaigns, and intergenerational communication barriers.
communication sociology, Turkic world, media archipelago, digital transformation, digital sovereignty, artificial intelligence regulation, intergenerational communication, Kazakhstan
Copyright (c) 2026 Gumilyov Journal of Sociology
CITIZEN-CENTRIC GOVERNANCE IN KAZAKHSTAN: SELF-EXPRESSION VALUES OF CITIZENS
Kazakhstan adopts citizen-centric public administration reforms that expand state-society dialogue. Citizen-centric public administration relies on citizens with self-expression values, who can engage with state bodies and participate in decision-making. Citizens can participate in participatory mechanisms such as public councils, local community meetings, participatory budgeting, and other digital platforms. In this study, we conceptualize self-expression values through post-materialist values. The study aims to examine the determinants of post-materialist values among Kazakhstani citizens. The regression analysis has been used to examine the relationship between different factors and the index of post-materialism. The findings show that two factors, such as economic security and socialization, are statistically significant determinants of post-materialist values. Interestingly, contrary to the statements of modernization theory, urban residence is inversely associated with post-materialist values in Kazakhstan. This is explained by the fact that urban residency is related to high living costs, pressure, social and income inequality, which in turn might strengthen materialist values rather than post-materialist values. Findings of this research contribute to the literature on citizen-centric public administration and political culture in Central Asia.
self-expression values, post-materialist values, modernization theory, socio-economic development, civil society
INFLUENCE OF THE ECONOMIC FACTOR ON POLYLINGUISTIC ATTITUDES OF YOUTH
The article analyzes the influence of economic factors on the language attitudes of youth. According to the theory of P. Bourdieu, the dominance of linguistic norms and forms is viewed as a factor that exacerbates social inequality. Proficiency in different languages increases an individual's social capital and expands their economic opportunities, while language barriers restrict access to these resources. The language choice among young people is largely determined by their economic status. It is posited that income levels facilitate the learning of foreign languages, whereas, in conditions of social inequality, the ability of youth to maintain their native language is taken into account. The study examines the impact of economic factors–such as labor market requirements, educational opportunities, and income levels–on multilingualism and language choice among the younger generation. The research provides insight into how economic drivers influence language choice, language policy, and the acceptance of multilingualism in society. The author presents the results of applied research based on the focus group method. Focus groups were conducted across 12 regions (N=167). According to the results, language choice among youth depends on regional and ethno-demographic characteristics. Furthermore, the global economy and globalization trends push young people toward learning multiple languages, while disparities between urban and rural areas also affect language attitudes. While youth with high-income levels strive for multilingualism, low-income groups prioritize their native language. The findings of this study play a crucial role in forming effective state and educational language policies that can enhance the success of young people in social and professional life.
language, economics, sociolinguistics, polylinguistics, language policy, language situation, sociolinguistic position, youth, language space
FROM THE DIGITAL DIVIDE TO DIGITAL CAPITAL: THEORETICAL TRANSFORMATIONS IN EXPLAINING YOUTH INEQUALITY
In the context of accelerating digitalization processes and the widespread implementation of generative artificial intelligence, the problem of digital inequality has moved beyond the issue of technical access and has become a complex structural problem of social stratification. This review article provides a systematic analysis of the theoretical evolution of the concepts of digital divide and digital capital in sociological discourse from 2000 to 2025. The main objective of the study is to deconstruct persistent myths about young people’s digital competence and to identify the mechanisms through which digital technologies reproduce social inequality. Based on an analysis of contemporary academic literature, the article traces the transition from binary technocratic models (“haves” versus “have-nots”) to the multidimensional concept of digital inequality proposed by Paul DiMaggio and Eszter Hargittai, as well as to Jan van Dijk’s theory of the three levels of the digital divide. Special attention is paid to the critique of the digital natives concept and to substantiating the heterogeneous nature of youth. The theory of digital capital developed by Massimo Ragnedda is examined as an autonomous social resource that can be converted into economic and social benefits. The findings demonstrate that by 2025, digital inequality is increasingly shifting towards the sphere of the algorithmic divide and differences in skills of interaction with artificial intelligence. Empirical evidence shows that young people with higher socio-economic status are more likely to use technologies effectively to accumulate human capital, whereas socially vulnerable groups tend to remain confined to passive patterns of digital consumption. The article concludes that overcoming the “utilitarian divide” requires a shift from infrastructure-oriented policies towards comprehensive strategies aimed at fostering critical algorithmic literacy and supporting processes of digital socialization.
digital divide, digital capital, digital inequality, youth, algorithmic divide, artificial intelligence
THE DISCOURSE OF POSTMEMORY IN THE NATIONAL MEDIA LANDSCAPE
Memory as a central element in theoretical and discursive explorations of the nation offers multiple avenues for rethinking established historical narratives. The question of how a collective past becomes embedded in contemporary identity gains particular relevance in current debates about what a nation should remember–and how. Within this context, the study of postmemory emerges as a critical framework for examining collective engagement with the past and its influence on the construction of national identity. The aim of this research is to develop an analytically grounded perspective on the mnemonic discourse of postmemory as a meaningful factor in the evolving processes of national self-identification. The methodological approach draws on contemporary theories and memory studies frameworks, including the works of Pierre Nora, Maurice Halbwachs, and Jeffrey Olick, as well as key concepts from postmemory theory (Marianne Hirsch) and translocal memory studies (Astrid Erll, Ann Rigney). These perspectives consider collective memory and postmemory as integral to mnemonic communities that shape the contours of national identity. The study employed a qualitative thematic analysis of representative media texts to identify the symbolic and semantic content of postmemory discourse. The findings demonstrate that postmemory, as a product of sociocultural communication, is expressed through diverse forms of memorial practices by its carriers. These practices reinterpret the collective past and contribute to the production of symbolic frameworks for national identity. The conclusions presented in this article may serve as a methodological foundation for future research into the dynamics of postmemory within national identity discourse, as well as inform the development of memory policies aimed at civic reintegration. This research enhances our understanding of how postmemory functions within the mnemonic discourse and plays a pivotal role in shaping national identity, while also influencing the transformation of the public memorial landscape in the national context.
postmemory, mnemonic discourse, commemorative practices
AN EMPIRICAL ANALYSIS OF THE SOCIAL DETERMINANTS OF ATTITUDES TOWARD GENDER ROLES AMONG STUDENTS
In today's society, gender roles and attitudes towards them play an important part in social relations. The perception of gender roles among young students holds scientific importance in the context of social transformation and the interaction between tradition and modern values. Therefore, this research article empirically analyzes the social factors that shape students' attitudes towards gender roles. This study aims to identify young students' attitudes towards gender roles and the social determinants that shape them. It also assesses how institutional influence and perceptions of gender change in society impact attitudes towards gender equality. The study analyzes young students' gender positions using structural modeling and explains the mechanisms underlying the formation of gender attitudes. We used a quantitative methodology and analyzed survey data using Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM) from 556 students at Korkyt Ata Kyzylorda University. We grouped attitudes towards gender roles into four latent constructs: traditional gender roles, attitudes towards gender equality, perceptions of gender changes in society, and institutional influence. The results indicate that perceptions of societal changes in gender and institutional influence have a positive and significant effect on attitudes towards gender equality, while institutional factors particularly reinforce traditional gender roles. These findings clarify that students' gender attitudes are both complex and varied, directly shaped by societal and institutional factors.
"TRADITIONAL VALUES" FOR THE PRESENT AND THE FUTURE: A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF VALUES, PRACTICES OF HELPING BEHAVIOR AND IDEAS ABOUT THE FUTURE OF TWO GENERATIONS OF RUSSIANS
In the context of the changing ideological orientations of Russian politics, its interpretation by modern Russians is of interest. We focus on two generations – one has already had the experience of living through fundamental transformations in the 1990s, the second is witnessing fundamental shifts for the first time. The article presents the results of an empirical study carried out in the logic of mixed methods research, aimed at understanding the intergenerational value transformations taking place within the age cohort of today's adult citizens of Russia. The survey results (N=600), which capture values, image of the future, and practices of prosocial (helping) behavior, are compared with the interview data (N=60), which reveal the meanings that representatives of two generations put into values and practices that are significant to them. Although there are some quantitative differences from the older generation in the value profile of young people, mainly due to age factors, representatives of the younger generation also demonstrate the specificity of the meanings attached to the interpretation of a number of values. While individualistic values are more important for the younger generation, their representatives demonstrate no less, and in some cases, greater, involvement in practices of helping behavior and volunteerism. It can be assumed that it is the transformation of meanings that allows the values of personal focus (individualistic) to motivate prosocial behavior. However, the revealed narrowness of the time perspective and the low level of social optimism act as a threat to the consolidation of prosocial patterns inherent in youth.
values, generations, helping behavior, social optimism, particularism.
Copyright (c) 2025 Gumilyov Journal of Sociology
ӘЛЕУМЕТТАНУ АБЫЗЫНЫҢ ӨСИЕТІ:Н.А. АИТОВТЫҢ 100 ЖЫЛДЫҒЫНА ОРАЙ
Биыл әлеуметтік ғылымдар саласының көрнекті өкілі, әлеуметтік құрылым және әлеуметтік жобалау мен жоспарлау, өндіріс және қала әлеуметтануының отандық мектебінің негізін қалаушылардың бірі – философия ғылымдарының докторы, профессор Нариман Абдрахманович Аитовтың туғанына 100 жыл толып отыр. Н.Аитов есімі ғылыми ортада қатаң эмпириялық зерттеулермен, нақты деректерге негізделген талдауларымен танымал. Алайда, ғалымның мұрасында оның дүниетанымдық көзқарасының эволюциясын көрсететін ерекше бір еңбек бар. Ол – 1996 жылы Алматыда жарық көрген «Моя социальная философия» (Менің әлеуметтік философиям) еңбегі. Ғұмырының басым бөлігін маркстік әлеуметтануға арнаған ғалымның зияткерлік тәубесі әрі ғылыми өсиеті іспетті осы еңбек – 90-жылдардың басындағы геосаяси дүмпулер, КСРО-ның ыдырауы тұсында Н.Аитовтың бұрынғы догмаларды қайта зерделегенінің айғағы. Назарларыңызға алғаш рет қазақ тілінде ұсынылып отырған монографияның «Алғысөзінде» Н.А. Аитов марксизмнен неге бас тартқанын, бірақ оны неліктен толық жоққа шығармайтынын түсіндіреді. Ол марксизмнің ХІХ ғасырдағы капитализмді түсіндірудегі қауқарын мойындай отырып, оның қазіргі «постиндустриялық қоғам» мен тарихи «өтпелі кезеңдерді» түсіндірудегі дәрменсіздігін ашық айтады. Аитовтың бұл мәтіні бүгінгі қазақстандық әлеуметтанушылар үшін несімен құнды? ⦁ Сыни ойлау үлгісі: Автор өзінің бұрынғы ұстанымдарынан бас тартудан қорықпайды. Ол марксизмді «Прокруст алаңына» (құбылыстың мәніне сай келмейтін жасанды өлшем) теңей отырып, ғылыми шындық бәрінен жоғары екенін көрсетеді. ⦁ Постмодерн салдарын маркстік талдау нәтижесіндегі сыңаржақтылық марксизмді қайта зерделеудің қажеттілігін тудырады. ⦁ Жаңа теория ізденісі: Мәтін соңында ол жас ғалымдарды ескі қалыптан шығып, қоғамдық дамудың неғұрлым әмбебап теориясын жасауға шақырады. Н.А. Аитовтың 100 жылдық мерейтойына орай, оның ғылыми мұрасын жаңғырту және қазақ тілді оқырманға жеткізу мақсатында төмендегі аударманы ұсынып отырмыз.
SOCIAL SUPPORT FOR FAMILIES IN POVERTY MIGRATING FROM RURAL TO URBAN AREAS
Migration from rural areas to cities has been increasing year by year. Many families migrating from rural areas to cities live in poverty and remain in it after relocation. Despite this, the country lacks social policies to support such families. The aim of the research is to identify the problems faced by poor families migrating from rural areas to urban settings and how they overcome them. Thirteen families participated in in-depth interviews (8 nuclear families and 5 extended families, of which 3 were single-parent families). According to the study’s findings, poor families that have moved from rural areas to cities rely on informal networks (relatives, friends, employers, landlords, acquaintances) for social support and assistance. At the same time, they avoid seeking help from formal sources of support. The main reasons are lack of information and distrust. The experience of migrant families facing stigmatization by local residents in urban settings has also been clarified. It has been proven that the overwhelming majority of these families live in conditions of domestic discomfort and instability due to financial difficulties. For successful integration and social support for migrant families, a social policy of support is needed.
rural-urban migration, poor migrant families, social support.
EVERYDAY ETHNICITY IN ASTANA: FAMILY STRATEGIES, RELIGION, AND MEMORY AMONG INGUSH, TATARS, AND DUNGANS
This article examines how ethnicity is constructed and maintained within Astana’s urban environment among Ingush, Tatar, and Dungan communities. The theoretical framework combines J. Berry’s acculturation model, F. Barth’s “ethnic boundaries” approach, and the concept of everyday religiosity, complemented by a historical-contextual analysis of colonial governance of Islam, deportations, and the Virgin Lands campaign. The study demonstrates that marital practices and post-marital residence patterns remain key mechanisms of boundary maintenance: among the Ingush, endogamy and patrilocality are normative (with urban variation); among the Tatars, nuclear autonomy prevails alongside high tolerance for mixed marriages; among the Dungans, a shift is observed from compact endogamy toward greater openness, while maintaining a religious criterion in marriage. Economic niches are correlated with family strategies and networks of mutual assistance: construction and entrepreneurship are typical for the Ingush; the Tatars combine public-sector employment with trade and services; the Dungans display a dual model linking Zhambyl (agriculture) and Astana (services and catering). Religion, language, and cuisine act as stable markers of belonging, while urban institutions–such as ethnocultural centers and sites of memory–connect groups without dissolving their boundaries. The study concludes that integrative configurations dominate, though local pockets of separation persist, with practical implications for urban policy.
Astana, everyday ethnicity, acculturation, ethnic boundaries, religion, marital practices, memory.
SOCIAL TRANSFORMATION OF FAMILY AND MARRIAGE RELATIONS IN KAZAKHSTANI SOCIETY AT THE PRESENT STAGE
In modern Kazakhstani society, the institutional structure of marriage and family is undergoing a profound transformation influenced by a wide range of factors – from economic and social changes to cultural globalization and digitalization. This article presents a comprehensive analysis of the key trends characterizing the current state and dynamics of family and marriage relations in Kazakhstan. The study highlights changes in the structure and functions of the family, including the increase in civil and late marriages, higher divorce rates, declining birth rates, and the transformation of reproductive behavior. Special attention is given to the evolution of gender roles within the family and society, the rethinking of traditional models of responsibility distribution between spouses, as well as the impact of urbanization and modernization on the family values of youth. The article analyzes socio-cultural shifts in the perception of the institution of marriage, including the weakening of traditional patriarchal norms and the strengthening of individualistic values. The research uses data from sociological surveys, official statistics and provides a comparative analysis of modern and traditional family models in Kazakhstan within the context of global demographic trends. This study aims to identify the factors of resilience and vulnerability of the Kazakhstani family and to forecast possible scenarios for its future development, taking into account national characteristics and global transformations. The findings are of interest to sociologists, demographers, psychologists, specialists in family policy, as well as to government bodies involved in developing and implementing family support measures.
FEATURES OF SOCIAL SERVICE ORGANISATION IN SOCIAL WORK PRACTICE
The article is devoted to the study of scientific and theoretical aspects of social services organization. This article presents a methodology for researching the social services organization as a technology of social work based on the application of “Тheory of Dynamic Information Systems” methodology developed by Professor V. I. Razumov. The use of the “Тheory of Dynamic Information Systems” methodology made it possible to present the social service system, define its categorical apparatus, build triads of dynamic information systems in the area of social services, systematize the components of social service in a certain hierarchy, and develop the conceptual scheme “Social service as a social work technology”. Also, the article examines the approaches to the “social service” concept definition, functions, principles, forms, types, and directions of social services. Based on the analysis of scientific literature and regulatory documents, the current materials are presented that reveal the features of social policy in the field of organizing social services; and there was taken into consideration the scientific and theoretical foundations, substantive and technological features of social services in the conditions of modern society development. The most important directions and characteristics of social service as a social institution, its formation and development in contemporary social work practice with various categories of the population are systematized in the article.
Social work, social service, social protection of the population, hardship, social policy, social service, principle of social service.
THE PLACE OF SPORT IN THE VALUE DIMENSION OF YOUTH
In contemporary society, the transformation of social behavior and life priorities among young people has become a relevant object of scientific inquiry. This article presents a comprehensive sociological analysis of the role of sports and physical culture in the value system of Kazakhstani youth aged 18–25. The study examines the socio-structural, cultural, and motivational determinants of the gap between the declarative support for sports and the actual physical activity of young people. The research was conducted using a mixed-methods approach: a secondary analysis of data from the Youth Research Center (2023) was carried out, along with in-depth interviews with urban residents of Almaty and Astana (n=15). The findings revealed that, although the majority of urban respondents recognize sports as an important life value, the proportion of those who exercise regularly is significantly lower than their stated positions. Qualitative analysis identified time scarcity, economic inaccessibility, digital passivity, and psychological pressure from the media industry as dominant factors preventing intentions from translating into actual behavior. The scientific significance of the study lies in substantiating the intention-behavior gap phenomenon using domestic data, as well as in applying an integrative analytical framework that combines the concepts of symbolic capital, the theory of planned behavior, and digital habitus.
youth, sports, digital passivity, digital habitus, intention-behavior gap, healthy lifestyle, gender motivation
SOCIOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF URBAN VAGRANCY: THE CASE OF ASTANA
This article examines vagrancy as one of the pressing social issues of our time, affecting both domestic and global communities, and considers the sociological aspects of vagrancy in urban environments. In the context of rapid urbanization and city growth, such as in Astana, the problem of vagrancy assumes a pronounced socio-political character. The research aims to study the sociological aspects of vagrancy in urban environments using Astana as an example, as well as to identify the causes and factors contributing to marginalization and homelessness and analyze the social consequences of this phenomenon. Vagrancy as a social phenomenon is examined through the lens of structural functionalism, conflict theory, and psychological theories. It is also noted that vagrancy in the urban environment increases social tension and causes damage to urban infrastructure. Based on analysis of data collected through surveys with marginalized groups, it was established that key factors contributing to vagrancy include economic crises, social instability, family conflicts, mental disorders, and substance dependency. It was identified that most respondents are of working age but encounter obstacles, including a lack of documentation, health problems, and low qualifications.
Vagrancy, homelessness, individuals of no fixed address, marginalization, migration, urbanization, social instability, structural functionalism, economic strain
YOUTH SPORTS AS AN AGENT OF SOCIALIZATION IN A MODERN KAZAKHSTAN SOCIETY
Sport is one of the most important agents of socialization of modern youth, as well as an effective means of physical development, health promotion, communication, and the result of people's activity. The purpose of the article is to define teenage sports as one of the socialization institutions, and also to identify the factors of influence of sports on youth. The leading role of the sports environment in the process of socialization of adolescents through sports is considered, as well as its importance in the physical culture and sports education of young people. According to the results of the sociological research conducted, sport is the main manifestation of a healthy lifestyle for young people. Through sports, a young generation educates and perceives it as a means of socialization, based on discipline, reflecting in forming a certain system of norms and values. It was revealed that sports have a positive impact on the formation of his personal culture. Along with these positive factors, negative factors of sports were also identified, such as academic failure, high risk of injury. The results show that although participation in sports provides numerous benefits, it is necessary to eliminate significant negative aspects to ensure a balanced approach to adolescent participation in sports. It was also established that the presence of stress in the educational process, and insufficient development of sports infrastructure at the required level are the main obstacles leading to a decrease in the interest of young people in sports and their physical activity. The study of this problem will be useful for the further development and improvement of state policy aimed at increasing the physical activity of young people.
STUDY OF THE PROBLEM OF DISABLED PEOPLE IN KAZAKHSTAN
As a social state, Kazakhstan has implemented a range of active measures in the field of social protection for persons with disabilities or limited capabilities, in accordance with international standards. This article demonstrates that the analysis of disability issues in Kazakhstan requires an integrated approach, taking into account sociological, psychological, socio-cultural, and legal models, as well as the perspective of cultural pluralism. It is noted that the evolution of models-from the medical model previously used by the World Health Organization, to the social model, and subsequently to the modern social-environmental model (inclusion model), has significantly influenced the development of this field in Kazakhstan. The article also examines the scientific foundations of the approach adopted by Kazakhstani society in addressing disability-related challenges, its practical outcomes, and the current scientific-methodological and methodological aspects of resolving accumulated issues in this domain. By analyzing the academic work of domestic and international researchers studying the organization of inclusive education in the context of digitalization, the author emphasizes the importance of exploring not only the socio-economic, medical-demographic, and environmental factors influencing disability, but also how persons with disabilities are perceived by society, along with the particularities of their daily lives and spiritual world.
GENDER ANALYSIS OF MIGRANT WOMEN'S VULNERABILITIES: PATHWAYS TO EMPOWERMENT
The article presents the results of Phase I of the project, organized with the support of the International Organization for Migration in Kazakhstan and Central Asia and financial support of the Norwegian Ministry of Foreign Affairs in July-August 2024. The article addresses current problems faced by migrant women in the Turkestan region, manifestations of gender discrimination in the context of migration. It underscores the urgent need to adjust and create gender-sensitive strategies of the host state to expand their rights and opportunities for migrant women. To ensure the principle of triangulation – ensuring a comprehensive, multifaceted analysis and reliability of the research outcomes - the study used a mixed-methods of sociological approach. Qualitative and quantitative methods of data collection and analysis techniques: surveys of migrant women and expert interviews of specialists in the field of migration. The comprehensive study engaged diverse stakeholders: employees of government and law enforcement officials, media representatives, and community leaders. The results of the initial stage of the project research provide a detailed understanding of the social status of migrant women, highlighting various types of gender discrimination. Moreover, the findings contribute to the formation of specific strategies for expanding opportunities and rights of migrant women within the host states.
THEORETICAL AND METHODOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF STUDYING THE ROLE OF NEW MEDIA IN THE DYNAMICS OF SOCIAL CONFLICTS
Digital platforms have changed the way public opinion is formed and influenced. In the context of Kazakhstan, where the society is diverse in terms of ethnical, religious, and socioeconomic backgrounds. The Mass media have become not only a tool for information exchange but a powerful factor impacting the conflict potential as well. This article is devoted to analyzing theoretical methods of the phenomenon of conflict and media as a tool in the context of social conflicts. The research methodology involves literature analysis, the method of systematic review, and comparative analysis. Moreover, as part of the research, a content analysis of academic journals/publications was conducted, which enabled the examination of Kazakhstan’s specific approach in covering the social conflict. According to the analysis, the evolution of conflict theories has demonstrated the necessity to revise these approaches in light of the development of information technologies. The research results revealed the need for further development of both the theoretical and empirical foundations in the field of social conflict studies and its informational component within the Kazakhstani public scientific discourse. The development of research in this area could significantly enrich the understanding of the dynamics of conflict mechanisms, providing new approaches for managing them and preventing negative consequences.
MAHALLA TRANSFORMATION: FROM A TRADITIONAL COMMUNITY TO A SOCIAL INSTITUTION
This article is devoted to the study of the mahalla, which has historically been an important element of social organization in Central Asia and has undergone significant changes. Initially, the mahalla functioned as a traditional community based on kinship, shared values, and mutual assistance. However, over time, it has evolved into a key social institution integrated into the public administration system of modern Uzbekistan. This transformation process was driven by economic, demographic, political, and technological changes that redefined the role and functions of the mahalla in society. One of the key aspects of the mahalla's transformation is its institutionalization in the public administration system. In the past, the mahalla was an informal association where elders played an important role in maintaining order, resolving conflicts, and providing social support. However, after Uzbekistan gained independence, the mahalla became an officially recognized administrative unit responsible for local self-government, the distribution of social assistance, and the strengthening of social cohesion. This process has strengthened its role as a link between the State and the population, allowing for more effective implementation of public policy at the local level. Economic changes have also had an impact on the transformation of the mahalla. The transition from a centralized Soviet economy to a market model led to changes in employment patterns, migration processes, and urbanization. These factors have changed the demographic composition of mahalla communities, as internal and international labor migration has led to the transformation of traditional family structures. Mahallas have expanded their social support mechanisms, especially for vulnerable groups of the population.
INDIGENIZATION OF SOCIAL WORK: THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN GLOBALIZATION AND LOCALIZATION IN EDUCATION
The indigenization of social work education involves the development of culturally relevant educational programs, which, along with universal theories, approaches and methods, are based on indigenous (local) knowledge. This study aimed to explore international experiences of indigenization. A systematic selection of articles indexed in the Scopus database was carried out using defined search strategies and inclusion, exclusion criteria. Based on a dataset (N = 130), a scientometric analysis was carried out to identify the main trends. A detailed analysis was also performed on a subset of empirical studies (N = 14) to examine methods, barriers and risks within this process. The following key themes were identified: the relationship between global and local in education; the lack of literature and the accumulation of indigenous knowledge, including from related fields; support in acquiring indigenous knowledge in practice; the study of cultural tension and conflict of values; the use of alternative educational approaches. The focus of indigenization in education varies depending on each country’s historical and contextual background; however, a common criterion is cultural relevance, which prepares students to work effectively in real-life settings. Both global and local should be represented and integrated within curricula, while the indigenous should be "visible" and clearly articulated. Indigenization entails risks of reinforcing cultural practices that promote stigmatization, discrimination, and oppression; therefore, the inclusion of critical theories and the development of students' critical reflection are essential components.
social work, education, indigenous knowledge, indigenization, cultural relevance, decolonization, cultural tension, conflict of values, critical theory, critical reflection
SEXUAL LITERACY OF KAZAKHSTANI TEENAGERS: KNOWLEDGE, PRINCIPLES AND BARRIERS
The purpose of the study was a comprehensive study of the knowledge, views and experiences of adolescents regarding sexual literacy in the school environment, as well as the factors determining its development, opportunities and limitations. The study included quantitative and qualitative methods. The quantitative survey revealed the level of awareness of adolescents, sources of information, and the degree of openness of discussion, while qualitative interviews with educators, NGO representatives, medical professionals, and government officials helped to better understand socio-cultural, institutional, and social barriers, as well as identify acceptable forms and content of sex literacy education. The quantitative analysis was based on a cross-sectional design and conducted in the form of an anonymous survey. The survey included 22 questions grouped into eight thematic blocks: the level of awareness, sources of information, openness of discussion, attitudes towards teaching sexual literacy at school, experience of interaction and barriers, the importance of informatization, the level of knowledge and understanding, and final conclusions. The study involved 100 teenagers. Since the sample is based on the principle of accessibility and covers mainly urban respondents (88%), the degree of generalization of the results obtained for all adolescents in Kazakhstan is limited. The data was processed in Excel and Jamovi using descriptive statistics. Semi-structured interviews were used in the qualitative analysis. They covered such blocks as socio-cultural aspects of perception and resistance to sexual literacy, the institutional readiness of the education system, as well as external circumstances and systemic factors. The study involved 19 respondents – representatives of NGOs, educational authorities, teachers, doctors, and medical professionals. The data was transcribed, encoded, and thematically analyzed. The results showed that social networks remain the main source of information for teenagers, while the role of parents, teachers, and medical professionals is limited. The key barriers in discussing the topic were cultural attitudes (shame), parental resistance, and lack of institutional support in schools. Adolescents have demonstrated a high need for a systematic and culturally adapted model of sexual literacy based on cooperation between family, school, and the state.
CONTENT ANALYSIS OF THE CATEGORY «UYAT» IN THE KAZAKH MEDIA SPACE (SOCIOLOGICAL ASPECT)
The article is devoted to the content analysis of the concept of «uyat» in the Kazakh media space. The study covers both traditional media and social networks, demonstrating how «uyat» functions as an instrument of social control, especially in relation to women and youth. The analysis revealed the main thematic areas related to gender norms, youth protest and humor, religious attitudes, positive practices of using the term, etc. Particular attention is paid to the transformation of the meaning of «uyat» in the digital environment, where traditional and modern values clash. The use of online monitoring tools made it possible to obtain quantitative and qualitative data on the scope, tone, and dynamics of discussions. A comparison with international studies of the phenomenon of shame was also made, which allowed us to identify both universal features and unique characteristics of the Kazakhstani context. The article contributes to the understanding of the modern identity of Kazakhstan, demonstrating how moral concepts are adapted or rejected in the process of social modernization. The theoretical significance of the study lies in the analysis and comparison of the works of Kazakhstani and foreign researchers of such phenomena as «uyat», «стыд» and «shame», which allows us to integrate «uyat» research into the global scientific community and adapt foreign research to Kazakhstani realities. The practical significance of the study is determined by the quantitative and qualitative dataobtained on the basis of content analysis, which identifies the contexts and tonality of mentions, the number of expected coverages in social networks and media, the content, etc.
MOTIVES OF HIGH SCHOOL STUDENTS TO STUDY ABROAD AND THEIR MIGRATION INTENTIONS
This article aims to explore high school students’ motives to study abroad and their migration intentions. Analysis of migration motives and intentions of high school students is an important component in understanding migration processes in modern society. The article presents the results of the research conducted within the framework of the project IRN АР25795411 «International educational migration of Kazakhstani youth: risks and solutions». A survey method was used to collect empirical data. The survey covered high school students in grades 9–11. A target sample was used, with selection criteria for gender, type of residence, grade, and type of school. The obtained empirical data indicate a stable orientation among high school students toward studying abroad, mainly in English-speaking and economically developed countries. This emphasizes the importance of both educational and socio-cultural factors in shaping the migration attitudes of high school students. Migration intentions after completing foreign education are characterized by a high degree of uncertainty. Most of the high school students surveyed admit the possibility of various scenarios being realized, and their final decision about migration depends on a complex of social, economic, and personal factors.
UMAİ ANA AND ALKARİSİ COLLECTİVE VALUES İN TURKİC AND KAZAKH MYTHOLOGY
Mythology, as a language that reflects the shared experiences and universal themes of different societies, shows parallels in terms of similar figures and themes across various cultures. The similarities between mythological structures reveal historical and cultural connections, while also highlighting similarities in the worldviews, social structures, and belief systems of these societies. This phenomenon can be clearly observed in Turkic societies that share a common cultural background. When Turkic and Kazakh mythologies are examined, similar elements can be clearly identified. Essentially, it can be said that both cultures are based on a common heritage shaped by similar historical processes and cultural interactions. Although many figures in the mythological structures of the Turkic and Kazakh peoples show similarities, the most striking similarity is the figure of Umai Ana, who plays a central role in the mythology of both peoples. As a figure who protects both mothers and children, Umai symbolises goodness in both cultures. On the other hand, another important figure, Alkarisi, is the complete opposite of Umai and represents evil, especially targeting pregnant women and new mothers. In this study, the figures of Umai Ana and Alkarisi will be examined comparatively in the context of both Turkic and Kazakh mythology.
THE ERA OF DIGITAL MODERNIZATION IN KAZAKHSTAN: THE VIEW OF HIGHER EDUCATION STUDENTS
In the context of global digital transformation, it is extremely important to understand how the future generation of professionals, who find themselves at the center of these changes, will evaluate and integrate the new digital reality. The purpose of this work is to identify the main problems and prospects that students face in the era of digitalization of education and the labor market. To collect quantitative data, the sociological survey method was used. It was conducted using a questionnaire survey of students of various specialties and universities in Kazakhstan. The sample consisted of 4671 respondents. Statistical analysis methods were used to process the quantitative data, and content analysis was used to systematize the data. The results of the study helped to determine the level of adaptation of students to new conditions, which provided important data for developing strategies to improve the effectiveness of digitalization. The main factors influencing the successful adaptation of students to digital changes were identified. Despite the generally positive attitude towards digitalization, it was revealed that there are serious problems associated with access to high-quality digital resources, the relevance of online training programs, and the development of critical thinking in the context of information overload. The main problems are related to the availability and quality of the Internet, which is considered a prerequisite for the successful use of digital tools. The results obtained are of high practical importance for the development and adjustment of state digital modernization programs, educational strategies of higher education institutions, and the formation of effective policies in the field of human capital development. This article offers a unique approach to digital transformation through the prism of student youth - the driving force of Kazakhstan's digital future, and will become an indispensable resource for anyone interested in creating a competitive and innovative society.
digital technology in higher education institution
INTEGRATED INTERNATIONAL EXPERIENCE OF STATE–NGO COLLABORATION IN REHABILITATION FROM DRUG DEPENDENCE: EVIDENCE AND RECOMMENDATIONS
The article examines international practices in establishing mechanisms for interagency collaboration between government agencies and non-governmental organizations (NGOs) in the fields of drug rehabilitation and social reintegration. Drawing on experiences in the United States, Israel, and certain Western European countries, it analyzes a range of rehabilitation models, including the 12-step program, cognitive-behavioral treatment, religious programs, therapeutic communities, and substitution therapy projects. Specific attention is given to national policies facilitating reintegration into society, where provision of housing, labor, and family assistance is recognized as a key aspect for sustainable rehabilitation. The results of the research show that rehabilitation is effective if it is sustained by well-coordinated state-civil society alliances, medical, psychological, and social intervention integration, and long-term measures to restore personal abilities and social functioning. Based on these findings, the article makes some suggestions for Kazakhstan, for example, the development of a national rehabilitation system, increased active engagement by NGOs, and the creation of instruments for monitoring outcomes. In general, the research enriches our understanding of how cross-sectoral collaboration can enhance the effectiveness and sustainability of rehabilitation in different socio-political environments.
cooperation between the state and civil society
PRIORITY CHALLENGES OF DIGITALIZATION IN KAZAKHSTAN: EXPERT ASSESSMENT, INTERRELATIONS OF PROBLEMS AND STRATEGIC SOLUTIONS
In the context of the rapid spread of digital technologies, Kazakhstan faces a set of priority challenges that require systemic analysis and strategic solutions. The purpose of the study is to identify the key problems of digital transformation in the country and determine the relationships between them. The work uses a qualitative approach based on expert interviews and content analysis of their responses. The survey involved 102 experts representing the public and private sectors, academia, and the media sphere, and a total of 214 expert statements were analyzed. The results showed that the most significant problems are cybersecurity and personal data protection, a low level of digital literacy, uneven access to digital infrastructure, insufficient digitalization of government agencies, as well as an imperfect regulatory framework. It was found that these problems form an interconnected system that complicates digital transformation and limits its sustainability. A conclusion was made about the need for an integrated approach combining infrastructure development, advanced training, improvement of legislation, and strengthening measures to ensure digital security. Prospects for further research related to the study of the effectiveness of regulatory mechanisms, the impact of digital inequality, and the formation of a cybersecurity culture are identified.
ANALYSIS OF THE IMPLEMENTATION OF INCLUSIVE EDUCATION POLICY IN KAZAKHSTAN AND IN SCHOOLS IN THE CITY OF SHYMKENT
Inclusive education, being one of the key directions of global educational policy, is focused on ensuring equal access to quality education for all categories of students, including children with special educational needs. The process of implementing an inclusive policy in the Republic of Kazakhstan is complex and combines positive achievements and significant challenges. The relevance of this study is determined by the increasing importance of the issues of inclusivity in the context of the transformation of the socio-educational environment. The purpose of the study is a comprehensive analysis of the process of implementation and implementation of inclusive education policy in Kazakhstan, with a special focus on secondary schools in Shymkent. The methodological basis of the research includes the following stages: preparatory, desk study, analytical processing of the collected data and presentation of the results. The analysis of social policy in the field of inclusive education in the Republic of Kazakhstan indicates active state participation in the promotion of this area. The results obtained suggest that Kazakhstan has undertaken a number of initiatives aimed at the formation and development of an inclusive educational environment. It should be noted that the development of inclusive practices in Shymkent schools is of strategic importance for the successful implementation of government programs aimed at creating conditions for affordable and high-quality education for all children. The conducted research expands the scientific understanding of the processes of inclusion in Russian education, contributes to the practical solution of the tasks of ensuring equal opportunities for every child.
Social policy, inclusive education policy, policy implementation, children with special educational needs, special schools
SOCIO-ECONOMIC DETERMINANTS OF REPRODUCTIVE BEHAVIOR: A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF ALMATY (KAZAKHSTAN) AND KUOPIO (FINLAND)
Delayed motherhood is becoming increasingly common, reflecting the impact of socio-economic transformation and inequality. This article is an empirical study that presents the results of a comparative study aimed at solving practical social problems. The postponement of the birth of the first child is associated with an increase in the level of education, instability in the labor market, changing gender roles, and uneven access to medical and social services. The purpose of this study is to conduct a comparative analysis of the socio-economic determinants of delayed motherhood using the example of Almaty (Kazakhstan) and Kuopio (Finland). The empirical base includes quantitative data from a survey conducted in Almaty (n=934), as well as a secondary analysis of Finnish sources, including data from the Kuopio Birth Cohort. The results show that in Kazakhstan, low income, lack of stable housing, and economic barriers are the key factors of late motherhood, whereas in Finland, it is personal choice, career attitudes, and institutional support. Regression analysis confirms the significant impact of financial status and marital status on women's reproductive decisions. The study highlights the need for a comprehensive social policy combining economic, medical, and educational support, and contributes to the development of cross-country comparisons of women's reproductive behavior in conditions of inequality.
delayed motherhood, Kazakhstan, Finland, reproductive behavior of women, socio-economic determinants, social inequalities, reproductive determinants of women
THE USE OF CASE-MANAGEMENT IN THE SOCIAL SERVICE SYSTEM: ISSUES AND SOLUTIONS IN THE CONTEXT OF KAZAKHSTAN
The article examines the application of case management technology in the social care of families in Kazakhstan and presents the findings of an empirical study. The research aims to assess the potential of case management in delivering social services to families and identify key conditions and barriers to its integration into Kazakhstan’s social service system. The methodology is based on an expert survey of social sector representatives from various organizations and countries with practical or theoretical expertise in case management in family social work. The findings indicate that case management enhances the comprehensive provision of social services. However, its full-scale implementation is hindered by the absence of a regulatory framework, a shortage of qualified professionals, weak interagency collaboration, and insufficient financial resources. Despite these challenges, case management is recognized as a promising approach for improving social work efficiency. This study contributes by systematizing knowledge on case management and identifying key aspects for adaptation to the local socio-institutional context. The results may serve as a foundation for developing a strategic framework for integrating case management into Kazakhstan’s social service system and designing training programs to enhance specialists' competencies in this field.