SOCIO-ECONOMIC DETERMINANTS OF REPRODUCTIVE BEHAVIOR: A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF ALMATY (KAZAKHSTAN) AND KUOPIO (FINLAND)

Abstract

Delayed motherhood is becoming increasingly common, reflecting the impact of socio-economic transformation and inequality. This article is an empirical study that presents the results of a comparative study aimed at solving practical social problems. The postponement of the birth of the first child is associated with an increase in the level of education, instability in the labor market, changing gender roles, and uneven access to medical and social services. The purpose of this study is to conduct a comparative analysis of the socio-economic determinants of delayed motherhood using the example of Almaty (Kazakhstan) and Kuopio (Finland). The empirical base includes quantitative data from a survey conducted in Almaty (n=934), as well as a secondary analysis of Finnish sources, including data from the Kuopio Birth Cohort. The results show that in Kazakhstan, low income, lack of stable housing, and economic barriers are the key factors of late motherhood, whereas in Finland, it is personal choice, career attitudes, and institutional support. Regression analysis confirms the significant impact of financial status and marital status on women's reproductive decisions. The study highlights the need for a comprehensive social policy combining economic, medical, and educational support, and contributes to the development of cross-country comparisons of women's reproductive behavior in conditions of inequality.